Friday, August 26, 2016

केंद्र- राज्य संबध

केंद्र आणि राज्य यांच्यातल्या संबंधांना आकार देणार्‍या याद्या!

संविधानात भारताचे संघराज्य स्वरूप कायम ठेवण्यासाठी विषयांच्या तीन याद्या आहेत१ . एक यादी आहे केंद्र शासनासाठी. दुसरी राज्य शासनांसाठी आणि तिसरी आहे ती संयुक्त यादी. केंद्राच्या यादीत असलेल्या विषयांबाबतच केंद्र सरकार कायदे करू शकते. राज्य शासनासाठी असलेल्या यादीतील विषयांबाबतच राज्य शासन कायदे करू शकते. आणि संयुक्त यादीतील विषयांवर केंद्र आणि राज्य शासन दोघेही कायदे करू शकतात.
संविधानात दिलेल्या केंद्र यादीत तब्बल ९७ विषय आहेत. मात्र केंद्र शासनातली एकूण मंत्रालये आहेत ३६. एकूण २३ मंत्री ही मंत्रालये सांभाळतात. या शिवाय २२ राज्य मंत्रीही आहेत . राज्य यादीमध्ये ६६ विषयांचा समावेश होतो. या विषयांवर राज्य शासने आपापल्या राज्यांत कायदे करू शकतात. महाराष्ट्रात कारभारासाठी ४५ मंत्रालये आहेत. सध्या २२ मंत्री आणि १० राज्यमंत्री या मंत्रालयांचा कारभार बघतात२ . संयुक्त यादीमध्ये ४७ विषय आहेत. या विषयांबाबत कायदे करण्याचा अधिकार दोन्ही पातळीवरच्या शासनांना आहे. परंतु जर या विषयांमध्ये वाद निर्माण झाला तर केंद्र सरकारचे पारडे त्यामध्ये जड असते.

प्रश्नाचं स्वरूप

भाषावार प्रांतरचना झाली ती प्रत्येक राज्यातील लोकांचे सांस्कृतिक हित जपले जावे म्हणून. पण राज्यांना हे करता यावे यासाठी म्हणावे तसे बळ दिले गेले नाही. स्वातंत्र्यानंतर ६७ वर्षांनी प्रत्येक राज्यांना त्यांच्या पद्धतीने विकास करण्याची मुभा हवी आहे. राज्यांना अधिक स्वातंत्र्य देण्याची मागणी केवळ आपणच करतो आहोत असे नाही. गुजरात राज्याने काही अधिकार आणि संधी आपणहून घ्यायची सुरवातही केली आहे. राज्यामधल्या प्रकल्पांसाठी ते थेट अंतरराष्ट्रीय करार करत आहेत. 'व्हायब्रंट गुजरात' या शीर्षकाखाली राज्याने हॉलंड, ब्रिटन, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, सिंगापूर, आणि साउथ आफ्रिका या देशांबरोबर राज्यात व्यापार करण्यासाठी हातमिळवणी केली आहे ३ . तसेच केरळनेही राज्यात जलद रेल्वे सेवा देण्यासाठी महामंडळ नेमले आहे ४.
राज्यांमधली साधन-संपत्ती जपण्याची मुभा हवी आहे. राज्यांना आपल्या लोकांसाठी विकासाच्या संधी निर्माण करण्यासाठी अधिकाधिक स्वातंत्र्य हवे आहे. राज्याइतर राज्य या दिशेने पावले उचलत आहेत. पण हा बदल घटनेत झाल्याशिवाय, त्याचा म्हणावा तसा परिणाम आपल्याला बघायला मिळणार नाही. महाराष्ट्र राज्याने या बदलाचे नेतृत्व करण्यासाठी सज्ज झाले पाहिजे.

असं का होतं?

भारत हे एक संघराज्य आहे. म्हणजेच अनेक राज्यांचा समूह. परंतु या समुहाच्या प्रशासनाचे सध्या केंद्रीकरण झाले आहे. भाषावार प्रांतरचनेनुसार, प्रत्येक राज्याला काही प्रमाणात स्वत:चे निर्णय स्वत: घेता येण्यासाठी राज्यांना काही अधिकार मिळाले. तसेच अधिकार ७३व्या आणि ७४व्या घटनादुरुस्तीमुळे स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांनाही मिळाले. परंतु अनेक कारणांमुळे ह्या अधिकारांचा वापर होताना दिसत नाही.
देशाचे घटक म्हणजे राज्ये, या राज्यांमध्ये सत्तेच्या (असे विषय ज्यांवर ते निर्णय घेऊ शकतात) विभागणीसाठी ३ याद्यांची निर्माती करण्यात आली. एक केंद्रीय यादी. दुसरी राज्य यादी. तिसरी सामायिक यादी. या सामायिक यादीमध्ये असे विषय घातले गेले ज्यामध्ये केंद्राला आणि राज्याला दोन्हींना निर्णय घेण्याची / कायदे बनविण्याची मुभा असेल. पण मात्र जर एखाद्या विषयामध्ये केंद्र आणि राज्यामध्ये वाद निर्माण झाला तर त्या निर्णयावर वर्चस्व हे केंद्राचेच राहील.
आज या तीन याद्यांची पुनर्रचना करून अधिकाधिक विषय राज्यांकडे घेण्याची गरज आहे.

काय करायला हवं?

  • केंद्र-राज्य संबंधांची पुर्नरचना करण्यासाठी प्रस्ताव तयार करायला हवा.
    •
  • महाराष्ट्र नवनिर्माण सेना, त्यांच्या लोकप्रतिनिधींबरोबर या बदलांसाठी केंद्राकडे विषय लावून धरण्यात पुढाकार घेईलच.
    •
  • पक्षाच्या लोकप्रतिनिधींबरोबरच इतर राज्यांच्या स्थानिक पक्षांना या विषयाचे महत्त्व पटवून केंद्राकडे मागणी लाऊन धरायला हवी.

महत्वाच्या कल्पना

  • याद्यांमध्ये बदल
  • राज्य आणि स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांकडे अधिक अधिकार

कार्यक्रम

याद्यांमध्ये बदल

बदलती आर्थिक आणि राजकीय परिस्थिती लक्षात घेऊन, आम्ही या याद्यांमध्ये काही अमुलाग्र बदल सुचवत आहोत. याद्यांमध्ये बदल करण्यासाठी आपल्याला घटनादुरुस्तीचा आधार घ्यावा लागेल. केंद्रीय यादीमध्ये केवळ असेच विषय घेतले जावेत ज्यामुळे देशाचे ऐक्य अबाधित राहते. आणि ज्यांचा परिणाम देशाच्या प्रत्येक राज्यावर समान होतो. राज्य यादीमध्ये पूर्ण राज्य म्हणून विचार करताना महत्त्वाचे वाटणारे विषय हाताळले गेले जावेत. या दोन याद्यांबरोबरच आपण वेगळी स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांसाठीची यादीही निर्माण व्हावी असं म्हणत आहोत.
केंद्र यादीमध्ये असलेले विषय देशाच्या ऐक्याच्या, सुरक्षेच्या आणि परदेश व्यवहाराच्या दृष्टीने केंद्र सरकारकडे असणे आवश्यक आहेत. मात्र याव्यतिरिक्त सर्व विषय केंद्राने राज्यांकडे आणि स्थानिक सरकारांकडे सुपूर्त केले पाहिजेत. यामुळे राज्यांना आणि स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांना अधिकाधिक स्वायत्तता मिळेल. स्वयंनिर्णयाचे अधिकार मिळतील.
राज्य शासनही केंद्राप्रमाणेच बोजड आणि अवाढव्य आहे. विशेषतः आकार आणि लोकसंख्या या दृष्टीने महाराष्ट्रासारख्या राज्यात विकेंद्रीकरण करण्याची आवश्यकता आहेच. त्यामुळे बरेच विषय हे स्थानिक पातळीवर हाताळले गेले तर राज्य शासनावरचा बोजाही कमी होईल आणि स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्था आपले स्वतंत्र निर्णय घ्यायला सक्षम होतील.
काही मुख्य विषयांची विभागणी कशाप्रकारे असावी हे पहा तक्ता क्र. १ मध्ये.
अनु क्रमांक
केंद्र यादी
राज्य यादी
स्थानिक यादी
१.अर्थगृहअर्थसंकल्प, वित्त उभारणी
२.अंतर्गत सुरक्षाअर्थशहर नियोजन
३.सुरक्षाविधीआरोग्य
४.परराष्ट्र धोरणमाध्यमिक व उच्च शिक्षणशिक्षण
५.अणुउर्जाशेतीपाणीपुरवठा
६.नागरी हवाई वाहतूकपाणी आणि सिंचनपोलीस व सार्वजनिक सुरक्षा
७.रेल्वेवीजसार्वजनिक वाहतूक
८.बंदरेखाणीअग्निशमन यंत्रणा
९.अवकाश संशोधनवनपर्यावरण व उद्याने
१०.पेट्रोलियम आणि नैसर्गिक वायूसार्वजनिक बांधकामेघनकचरा व्यवस्थापन
११.पर्यावरणनियोजनसांडपाणी प्रक्रिया व व्यवस्थापन
१२.विधी व संसदीय कामकाजपर्यटनरस्ते, फुटपाथ, सायकलसाठी रस्ते
१३.राज्य परिवहनविधी व न्याय
१४.अतिक्रमण
१५.क्रीडा
१६.भूमी अभिलेख, वापर व बांधकाम परवानगी
१७.सर्व प्रकारची नैसर्गिक संसाधने, त्यांबद्दलचे सर्व निर्णय
१८.अभिलेख (जन्म-मृत्यू, विवाह नोंदणी)
१९.सांस्कृतिक (नाट्यगृहे, सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम, भाषा)
२०.वीजपुरवठा
२१.सार्वजनिक सोयी सुविधा (कत्तलखाने, चर्मोद्योग, स्मशानभूमी, ग्रंथालये, विरंगुळा केंद्रे, वृद्धाश्रम, अनाथालये, पाळीव प्राणी, बाजार-मंडई इ.)
२२.माहिती तंत्रज्ञान
२३.झोपडपट्टी पुनर्वसन
२४.अन्न व भेसळ
२५.महिला व अल्पसंख्याक कल्याण
तसेच तिन्ही याद्यांमध्ये काही बदल करावेत असेही आम्ही सुचवत आहोत. केंद्रीय यादीमधल्या ९७ विषयांतल्या २१ विषयांमध्ये, सामायिक यादीमधल्या ४५ विषयांपैकी १३ मध्ये तर राज्य यादीमधल्या ६६ विषयांपैकी १९ विषयांमध्ये आपण बदल सुचवत आहोत. राज्य यादीतले १९ विषय स्थानिक यादीमध्ये घालून चौथी यादी बनवायला हवी असं आम्हाला वाटतं.
पुनर्रचना केलेल्या या दिन्ही याद्या पुढे पहा.
अशा पद्धतीने बहुतांश विषय हे स्थानिक पातळीवर सुपूर्त केले तर स्थानिक नागरिकांचा शासनव्यवस्थेतला सहभाग वाढेल आणि पर्यायाने शासनव्यवस्था सुधारायला मदत होईल. आपल्यासाठी कोणीतरी दिल्ली किंवा मुंबईत बसून निर्णय घेत आहे असे न वाटता लोकसहभाग वाढवायचा असेल तर विकेंद्रीकरणाला पर्याय नाही.
सुचवलेल्या उपाययोजना प्रत्यक्षात आणण्यासाठी संसदेत घटनादुरुस्ती करून केंद्र – राज्य व संयुक्त या याद्यांमध्ये बदल करावे लागतील. तसेच, स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांना वैधानिक दर्जा देण्याची सुधारणाही करावी लागेल. त्यानंतर स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांची चौथी यादी तयार करून घटनेमध्ये समाविष्ट करावी लागेल.
सध्या असलेल्या याद्यांमधले कोणते विषय कोणाकडे असावेत?
बदल असे दाखवले गेले आहेत- सामायिक यादी, राज्य यादी ,स्थानिक यादी

केंद्रीय यादी

सध्या, केंद्रीय यादीमध्ये ९७ विषय आहेत. त्यापैकी २१ विषयांमध्ये बदल सुचवतो आहोत.
  • Defence of India and every part there of including preparation for Defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.
  • Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union.
    2-A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or any other force subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment.
  • Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas, the constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas.
  • Naval, military and air force works.
  • Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives.
  • Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production.
  • Industries declared by Parliament by law to the necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war.
  • Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.
  • Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the security of India; persons subjected to such detention.
  • Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country.
  • Diplomatic, consular and trade representation.
  • United Nations Organisation.
  • Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made there at.
  • Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign Countries.
  • War and peace.
  • Foreign jurisdiction.
  • Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens.
  • Extradition.
  • Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports and visas.
  • Pilgrimages to places outside India.
  • Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air.
  • Railways. (दळण-वळणाचे सधन म्हणून हे सामायिक यादीमध्ये असावे, काही राज्यीय रेल्वेसाठी संपूर्ण अधिकार राज्याकडे असावे)
  • Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways.
  • Shipping and navigation on inland waterways, declared by Parliament by law to be national waterways, as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the rule of the road on such waterways (हे सामायिक यादीमध्ये असावे)
  • Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.
  • Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the safety of shipping and aircraft.
  • Ports declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports, including their delimitation, and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein.
  • Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamen's and marine hospitals.
  • Airways aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation of air traffic, and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.
  • Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national waterways in mechanically propelled vessels.
  • Posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of communication. (रेडिओ केंद्राकडे असायची गरज नाही. हा भाग सामायिक यादीत असावा)
  • Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards property situated in a State subject to legislation by the State, save in so far as Parliament by law otherwise provides.
  • Omitted
  • Courts of wards for the estates of Rulers of Indian States.
  • Public debt of the Union.
  • Currency, coinage and legal tender; foreign exchange.
  • Foreign loans.
  • Reserve Bank of India.
  • Post Office Savings Bank.
  • Lotteries organised by the Government of India or the Government of a State.
  • Trade and commerce with foreign countries import and export across customs frontiers definition of customs frontiers.
  • Inter-State trade and commerce. (हा विषय राज्य यादीत असावा)
  • Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading Corporations, including banking, insurance and financial corporations but not including Co-operative Societies.
  • Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not, with objects not confined to one State, but not including universities.
  • Banking (राज्य यादीमध्ये असावे)
  • Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes and other like instruments.
  • Insurance (राज्य यादीत असावा)
  • Stock exchanges and futures markets. (राज्यांचे Stock exchange ही असावे)
  • Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade-marks and merchandise marks.
  • Establishment of standards of weight and measure.
  • Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of India or transported from one State to another.
  • Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
  • Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable.
  • Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.(कोणत्याही नैसर्गिक संसाधानाच्या वापरावर पहिला नियंत्रणाचा अधिकार राज्यांचाच असावा. आणि राज्याने तिथल्या स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थेला विश्वासात घेऊन निर्णय घ्यावा)
  • Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oil-fields.
  • Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
  • Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters.
  • Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of opium. (राज्य यादीमध्ये असावं)
  • Sanctioning of cinematograph films for exhibition. (राज्य यादीमध्ये)
  • Industrial disputes concerning Union employees. (राज्य यादी)
  • The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the National Library, the Indian Museum, the Imperial War Museum, the Victoria Memorial and the Indian War Memorial, and any other like institution financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
  • The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Benares Hindu University, the Aligarh Muslim University and the Delhi University; the University established in pursuance of Article 371-E; any other institution declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
  • Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be institutions of national importance. (!?)
  • Union agencies and institutions for -
    (a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of police officers; or
    (b) the promotion of special studies or research; or
    scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection of crime.
    राज्यांकडे पोलीसदलाची जबाबदारी आहे. केंद्राकडे नाही. त्यामुळे हा विषय राज्याकडेच यावा केंद्राकडे नाही!
  • Co-ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical institutions. (राज्य यादीत असावे! राज्याच्या उच्च शिक्षणाचा दर्जाबद्दल निर्णय राज्यालाच घेता यायला हवेत)
  • Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
  • The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological Surveys of India; Meteorological organisations.
  • Census
  • Union public services; all-India services; Union Public Service Commission.
  • Union Pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
  • Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and Vice-President; the Election Commission.
  • Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
  • Powers, privileges and Immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members and the Committees of each House enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by Parliament.
  • Emoluments, allowances. privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the President and Governors salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the Salaries, allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
  • Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States.
  • Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including contempt of such Court). and the fees taken therein persons entitled to practice before the Supreme Court.
  • Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practice before the High Courts. (हे ही राज्य यादीमध्ये असायला हवे...)
  • Extensions of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a High Court from any Union territory.
  • Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State.
  • Inter-state migration; inter-State quarantine
    राज्य यादी मध्येच पाहिजे.
    किती लोकं येत आहेत याचे योग्य मोजमाप, कसे येणार, कुठे राहणार.
    संसाधनांचा वापर, त्यामागचा विचार यामधूनच स्पष्ट होणार
  • Taxes on income other than agricultural income. (स्थानिक करच असावेत)
  • Duties of customs including export duties.
  • Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India except -
    (a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption.
    (b)opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics;
    but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b)of this entry.
  • Corporation tax. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land. of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital of companies. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freights.
  • Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets.
  • Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and receipts.
  • Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein (स्थानिक यादी).
    A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
  • Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
  • Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List.
  • Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List admiralty jurisdiction.
  • Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.
  • Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned in either of those Lists.

सामायिक यादी

सामायिक यादीमध्ये सध्या ४५ विषय आहेत. त्या विषयांपैकी आपण १३ मध्ये बदल सुचवतो आहोत.
  • Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the com­mencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power.
  • Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution.
  • Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the main­tenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention.
  • Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in Entry 3 of this list.
  • Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succes­sion; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law.
  • Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and docu­ments. (राज्य यादी)
  • Contracts including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land.
  • Actionable wrongs.
  • Bankruptcy and insolvency.
  • Trust and Trustees. (राज्य यादी)
  • Administrators-general and official trustees.
    11-A. Administration of justice; constitution and Organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
  • Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings.
  • Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration.
  • Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court.
  • Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes.
  • Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients.
  • Prevention of cruelty to animals. (राज्य यादी)
    17-A. Forests. (राज्य यादी)
    17-B. Protection of wild animals and birds. (राज्य यादी)
  • Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods. (राज्य यादी)
  • Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of Entry 59 of List I with respect to opium.
  • Economic and social planning (राज्य यादी)
    20-A. Population control and family planning. (राज्य यादी)
  • Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.
  • Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes.
  • Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment. (राज्य यादी)
  • Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' lia­bility, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits. (राज्य यादी)
  • Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of Entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour. (राज्य यादी)
  • Legal, medical and other professions.
  • Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan.
  • Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions.
  • Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.
  • Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
  • Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to the major ports.
  • Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways.
  • Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,- (राज्य यादी)
    (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products
    (b) foodstuffs. including edible oilseeds and oils.
    (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates.
    (d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and
    (e) raw jute.
    33-A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.
  • Price control.
  • Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied.
  • Factories. (??)
  • Boilers
  • Electricity (राज्य यादी)
  • Newspapers, books and printing presses. (राज्य यादी)
  • Archaeological sites and remains other than those 2b[declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
  • Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property.
  • Acquisition and requisitioning of property.
  • Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State.
  • Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty.
  • Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III.
  • Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List.
  • Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

राज्य यादी

राज्य यादीमध्ये सध्या ६६ विषय आहेत. यापैकी १९ विषयांमध्ये बदल सुचवले गेले आहेत. हे १९ विषय आपण स्थानिक यादीमध्ये घालावे असं सुचवत आहोत.
  • Public order (but not including [the use of any naval, military or air force or any other armed force or the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof] in aid of the civil power).
  • Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of Entry 2-A of List-I.
  • Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the Supreme Court.
  • Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other institutions.
  • Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal cor­porations, improvement trusts, district boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration.
  • Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India.
  • Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
  • Relief for the disabled and unemployable.
  • Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Omitted.
  • Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State ancient and historical monuments and records other than those [declared by or under law made by Parliament] to be of national importance.
  • Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries, and other means of communication not specified in List I; municipal tramways (स्थानिक यादी), ropeways inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and List III with regard to such water-ways; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles.
  • Agriculture, including agricultural education and research; protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases.
  • Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice.
  • Ponds and the prevention of cattle trespass. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embank­ments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, land tenures including the relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land; land improvement and agricultural loans; colonization. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Fisheries.
  • Courts of wards; subject to the provisions of Entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached estates.
  • Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union.
  • Industries subject to the provisions of [Entries 7 and 52] of List 1.
  • Gas and gas-works.
  • Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III.
  • Production, supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III.
  • Markets and fairs. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Money-lending and money-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness.
  • Inns and inn-keepers. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, other than those specified in List I, and universities; unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations; co-operative societies.
  • Theatres and dramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions of Entry 60 of List I; sports, entertainments and amusements. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Betting and gambling. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State.
  • Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
  • Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof.
  • Powers, privilages and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the committees thereof and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evi­dence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State.
  • Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State.
  • State public services; State Public Service Commission.
  • State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Con­solidated Fund of the State.
  • Public debt of the State.
  • Treasure trove.
  • Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Taxes on agricultural income (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Estate duty in respect of agricultural land. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Taxes on lands and buildings. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to mineral development.
  • Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or pro­duced elsewhere in India-
    (a) Alcoholic liquors for human consumption.
    (b) Opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics.
    But not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance in­cluded in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
  • Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity.
  • Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, subject to the provisions of Entry 92-A of List I.
  • Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers and advertisements broadcast by radio or television.
  • Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways.
  • Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads, including tram-cars subject to the provisions of Entry 35 of List III. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Taxes on animals and boats.
  • Tolls.
  • Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Capitation taxes.
  • Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling. (स्थानिक यादी)
  • Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty.
  • Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this list.
  • Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this list.
  • Fees in respect of any of the matters in this list, but not including fees taken in any court.
Posted by at
Labels:

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Pages

My Blog List